Joint pain

Joint pain is discomfort in or around a joint and may occur with swelling, stiffness or reduced movement. Injury, overuse, inflammation and infection are among the possible causes. The number of joints affected, speed of onset and associated symptoms help guide assessment. A suddenly hot, swollen joint needs prompt medical review.

What is useful to tell the doctor?

Describe which joint hurts, whether it is visibly swollen and whether you can use it or bear weight. Mention morning stiffness, recent injury, fever and symptoms elsewhere, such as a rash or eye inflammation. A photograph may show swelling but cannot assess movement or tenderness fully.

Explain whether the problem is new, recurring or affecting several joints. Bring previous test results and details of any established arthritis diagnosis. Do not assume every painful episode is the same condition, especially if one joint becomes much hotter or more swollen than usual.

For the Australian guidance behind this explanation, see Healthdirect Australia: Joint pain and swelling - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect.

How is it assessed?

A clinician may examine the joint and consider blood tests, imaging or joint fluid testing. The choice depends on the suspected cause. A blood test result on its own rarely explains every aspect of joint pain.

Ask about safe activity and whether temporary work or exercise changes are appropriate. Avoid forcing a joint that cannot bear weight or using someone else's treatment. If pain persists, follow-up should consider function, sleep and the effect on everyday tasks as well as the initial diagnosis. Telehealth may support ongoing review, but a new swollen joint often needs examination.

When is it urgent?

A hot swollen joint with fever, feeling unwell or inability to use the joint needs urgent in-person assessment because infection is one possible cause. Significant injury, deformity or loss of circulation also requires urgent care. Call 000 for life-threatening symptoms. Do not wait for a routine online review if pain and swelling are worsening rapidly.

Where to go next

Read online doctor consultations to understand the relevant service. A doctor decides whether a consultation, examination, referral or another pathway is appropriate for your situation.